![]() While early navigation of natural rivers was dependent on the use of sail for upstream operation, towpaths and animal haulage were provided when rivers were canalized and artificial canals constructed. At Krasnoyarsk the plane rises 100.5 metres (330 feet) from the downstream water level of the Yenisey River to surmount the hydroelectric dam on top of the dam the caisson moves on to a turntable, where it is rotated through 38° before passing to a second plane running down to the water level impounded upstream of the dam. At Ronquières the plane rises 67 metres (220 feet) and replaces 17 locks at Arzviller the rise is 46 metres (150 feet), and here too 17 locks have been replaced. At Ronquières and Krasnoyarsk, vessels are carried longitudinally up relatively gentle inclines with gradients of 1 in 21 and 1 in 12, respectively, while at Arzviller the site permitted only a steep gradient of 1 in 2.5, necessitating vessels being moved transversely. Three planes have been constructed in Europe, at Ronquières, Belgium, for 1,350-ton vessels at Saint-Louis-Arzviller, France, for 300-ton vessels and at Krasnoyarsk, Russia, for 1,500-ton vessels. A series of planes was built in the United States on the canal between the Delaware and Hudson rivers to transport 80-ton vessels in caissons a similar plane for 60-ton vessels was built at Foxton, England, to bypass 10 locks. In the 18th century, inclined planes were constructed to transport small boats on trucks between adjacent pounds, using animal power and gravity and, later, steam. This method was used in 1932 at Niederfinow, Germany, for 1,000-ton vessels. Each caisson was separately counterbalanced by a series of weights and ropes with electrically driven gearing. Float lifts were constructed in 1899 at Henrichenburg, Germany, for 600-ton vessels and in 1938 at Magdeburg, Germany, for 1,000-ton vessels, and in 1962 a lift at Henrichenburg could accommodate 1,350-ton vessels.Ĭounterweighted lifts were introduced in 1908 when the Anderton lift was reconstructed. Similar hydraulic lift locks were constructed at Kirkfield and Peterborough in Ontario, Canada the latter, completed in 1904, has a lift of nearly 20 metres (65 feet). Hydraulic lifts with twin caissons were constructed in 1875 at Anderton, England, for 60-ton vessels in 1888 lifts were constructed at Les Fontinettes, France, for 300-ton vessels and at La Louvière, Belgium, for 400-ton vessels. Vertical lifts can be operated by high-pressure hydraulic rams, by submersible floats, or by geared counterweights. Vessels can be transported floating in a steel tank or caisson between adjacent pounds by a vertical lift, replacing several locks. SpaceNext50 Britannica presents SpaceNext50, From the race to the Moon to space stewardship, we explore a wide range of subjects that feed our curiosity about space!.Learn about the major environmental problems facing our planet and what can be done about them! Saving Earth Britannica Presents Earth’s To-Do List for the 21st Century.Britannica Beyond We’ve created a new place where questions are at the center of learning.100 Women Britannica celebrates the centennial of the Nineteenth Amendment, highlighting suffragists and history-making politicians.COVID-19 Portal While this global health crisis continues to evolve, it can be useful to look to past pandemics to better understand how to respond today.Student Portal Britannica is the ultimate student resource for key school subjects like history, government, literature, and more.This Time in History In these videos, find out what happened this month (or any month!) in history.#WTFact Videos In #WTFact Britannica shares some of the most bizarre facts we can find.Demystified Videos In Demystified, Britannica has all the answers to your burning questions.Britannica Explains In these videos, Britannica explains a variety of topics and answers frequently asked questions.Britannica Classics Check out these retro videos from Encyclopedia Britannica’s archives.
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